Exercise 15 | RACSO

Exercise _‹15_›:

CLIQUE

\leq

INDUCED SUBGRAPH

Reduce the CLIQUE problem to the INDUCED SUBGRAPH problem. These problems are defined as follows:

CLIQUE: given a natural $k$ and an undirected graph $G$ , is there a subset $S$ of nodes with size at least $k$ such that any two distinct nodes of $S$ are connected by an edge in $G$ ?
More formally, this problem can be defined as the following set:
$\{ \langle k,G=\langle V,E\rangle\rangle \mid \exists S\subseteq V: (|S|\geq k\;\wedge\;\forall u,v\in S: (u\neq v\;\Rightarrow\;\{u,v\}\in E)) \}$
INDUCED SUBGRAPH: given two undirected graphs $G_1$ and $G_2$ , is $G_1$ an induced subgraph of $G_2$ ? In other words, can the nodes of $G_1$ be injectively mapped onto the nodes of $G_2$ such that, for any two nodes $u,v$ of $G_1$ , the nodes $u,v$ are connected by an edge in $G_1$ if and only if their corresponding mapped nodes of $G_2$ are connected by an edge in $G_2$ ?
More formally, this problem can be defined as the following set:
$\{ \langle G_1=\langle V_1,E_1\rangle,\;G_2=\langle V_2,E_2\rangle\rangle \mid \exists M:V_1\to V_2\text{ total and injective}: \forall u,v\in V_1: (\{u,v\}\in E_1 \Leftrightarrow \{M(u),M(v)\}\in E_2) \}$

The input and output of the reduction conform to the following data types:

```
in: struct {
      k: int
      numnodes: int
      edges: array of array [2] of int
      adjacents: array of array of int
      adjacencymatrix: array of array of int
    }
```
The input is a natural number in.k and an undirected graph. The graph is given by means of four different kinds of information: the number of nodes in.numnodes, the list of edges in.edges, for each node the list of its adjacent nodes in.adjacents, and the adjacency matrix in.adjacencymatrix. The nodes are integers between $1$ and in.numnodes, and thus, the $0$ ’th position of in.adjacents does not contain useful data and should be ignored; for any other position $p$ , in.adjacents[p] is the list of nodes adjacent to $p$ . For the same reason, the $0$ ’th row and column of in.adjacencymatrix do not contain useful data and should be ignored; for any other row $r$ and column $c$ , in.adjacencymatrix[r][c] is $0$ when there is no edge between the nodes $r$ and $c$ , and $1$ otherwise.

Note: The input graph has at least $2$ nodes, no repeated edges, nor self-loop edges, and the value of in.k is at least $2$ and at most the number of nodes of the graph.
```
out: struct {
       g1edges: array of array [2] of string
       g1nodes: array of string
       g2edges: array of array [2] of string
       g2nodes: array of string
     }
```
The output is a pair of undirected graphs, which are described with their lists of edges out.g1edges and out.g2edges and with their lists of nodes out.g1nodes and out.g2nodes, respectively. An edge is a pair of nodes, and each node is represented by either an integer or a string. The lists of nodes out.g1nodes and out.g2nodes are optional, and contain nodes of the graphs, that may or may not appear in the corresponding list of edges. These lists of nodes could be useful, for example, for including the nodes that are not connected to any other node, if this is considered necessary.

Note: If the output graphs have self-loop edges, they are taken into account to check the induced property. Repeated edges are ignored.

Authors: Carles Creus / Documentation:

Exercise ‹15›:

Exercise _‹15_›: